Faunal Associations: Little is known about floral-faunal relationships for this species in North America, although it is probably similar to other moisture-loving Ranunculus spp. (buttercups). The early-blooming flowers are cross-pollinated primarily by small bees, flies, and beetles. Both nectar and pollen are available as floral rewards to such visitors. Two leaf beetles are reported to feed on the foliage of buttercups: Prasocuris ovalis and Prasocuris vittata (Clark et al., 2004). The aphids Thecabius affinis and Thecabius gravicornis also suck on the sap of these plants during the summer (Cranshaw, 2004; Hottes & Frison, 1931). Among birds, the seeds and young foliage of buttercups are eaten to a minor extent by such gamebirds as the Wood Duck, Ruffed Grouse, Wild Turkey, and Ring-Necked Pheasant; the seeds are a minor source of food to such songbirds as the Mourning Dove and Snow Bunting. Among mammals, the young foliage is eaten to a limited extent by the Muskrat and Cottontail Rabbit, while the seeds are eaten by the Meadow Vole and Pine Mouse (Martin et al., 1951/1961; Lewis, 1993). Some turtles also reportedly feed on these plants (Lagler, 1943). The mature foliage, roots, and tubers of Lesser Celandine, however, are quite toxic because they contain a blistering agent that can irritate the gastrointestinal tract. If the foliage is dried out or subjected to heat, its toxicity is reduced or eliminated.